“This one-sided move strengthens Israel’s occupation and takes us further from peace,” said Ayman Odeh, leader of the Arab faction in Israel’s parliament.

Hamas has thrown its weight behind the demonstrations in Gaza, which have deflected Palestinians’ frustration with their leadership as residents of the blockaded 140-square-mile territory struggle to make ends meet. 

More than 70 percent of Palestinians living in Gaza are refugees or descendants of refugees from areas in Israel, and the demonstrations have rallied for their U.N.-endorsed right of return. 

“Our people have the right to break the walls of this big prison,” Hamas’s leader in Gaza, Yahya Sinwar, said in a briefing with foreign journalists. “We went out to knock the wall of the prison and declare it clearly that we won’t accept to die slowly.”

Israeli forces withdrew from Gaza in 2005, though the United Nations still classifies it as occupied because of the level of control wielded by Israel, which restricts the movement of people and goods. Egypt has also only sporadically opened its border.

“What’s the problem if hundreds of thousands storm this fence which is not a border?” Sinwar said.

Palestinians have burned tires, thrown stones, tried to break the fence and sent kites carrying burning coals over it. The military has also said there have been cases where explosives were thrown or planted, and one shooting incident.

But the use of live ammunition on largely peaceful crowds has drawn condemnation from human rights groups.

On the boundary with Gaza on Friday, near the Israeli kibbutz of Mefalsim, the Israeli official, who declined to be named in line with the military’s protocol, said Palestinian casualty numbers appear broadly accurate, except for on one point — injuries by rubber bullets.

“We saw something about rubber bullets,” he said, “but we didn’t shoot one.” 

The Israeli military has stressed that it uses live fire only as a last resort, but the only crowd dispersal means it has used is tear gas, the officer said. Rubber bullets do not have enough range, he said, though Israeli snipers are positioned just a few dozen yards from the fence.

Under the rules of engagement, a protester can be shot in the head only during “terror activities,” he said. That does not include stone throwers, he added. Otherwise the instructions are to shoot below the knees of ringleaders. Videotaped incidents that show otherwise are investigated, he said. 

Israel says that Hamas is using the demonstrations as a cover to carry out attacks, pointing out that some of those killed are known militants. 

The death toll at recent demonstrations has shrunk, with one Palestinian killed on Friday, and no deaths the previous week.

“I think it’s the experience of the forces,” the officer said. “If you do it one time, you get better, you learn what not to do if you don’t want people killed.”

Hospitals in Gaza are preparing for bloodshed, setting up tents with extra beds outside.

Next to the sniper positions at the border fence, the Israeli officer hands over a pair of binoculars. The Gazans largely stand stoically facing the border fence.

“Do you see a stone thrower?” he asks. After a minute or so, a man picks up a stone and throws it, but it falls short of the fence. Black smoke from burning tires billows across. A few minutes later, the crack of a bullet rings out. A warning shot, the officer says. 

For many, including the army officer, the big question is what happens next. Israel is investing more than $800 million in a below- and aboveground barrier around Gaza, due to be completed next year.

But few seem to be talking of a long-term solution to an increasingly explosive situation, as Gaza is also being squeezed by salary cuts by the Palestinian Authority in Ramallah.

On Saturday, protesters burned the main cargo terminal to Gaza, causing $2.8 million in damage and further choking off supplies.

“There is a wild tiger that was besieged and starved through 11 years, and now it was set free and no one knows where it’s going and what it will do,” Sinwar said.

Eglash reported from Jerusalem, Balousha from Gaza City. 

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