A Glossary of Key Figures and Conspiracy Theories in the JFK Assassination

Among its more controversial contentions was that a single bullet — derisively referred to as a “magic bullet” — struck both Mr. Kennedy and Mr. Connally, who survived the shooting. The theory was crafted in part by Arlen Specter, the longtime Pennsylvania senator who, at the time, was early in his career.

Lee Harvey Oswald

Mr. Oswald, a former Marine, fired three shots from the nearby Texas School Book Depository, the Warren Commission concluded. He denied that he had shot the president, calling himself a “patsy.”

He was arrested hours later after shooting a police officer and ducking into the nearby Texas Theatre, the Warren Commission concluded.

Jack Ruby

Two days after the presidential assassination, Mr. Oswald was being transferred from a city jail to a county jail when Mr. Ruby stepped out from a crowd and shot him at close range, as millions of people watched on live television.

He died in jail in 1967.

Second shooter, grassy knoll and the ‘magic bullet’

Americans have long expressed skepticism over the official explanation that Mr. Oswald and Mr. Ruby had each acted alone. A recent poll by FiveThirtyEight and SurveyMonkey found that 33 percent of Americans believed one person was solely responsible for the assassination, while 61 percent believe others were involved.

A New York Times/CBS News Poll in 1988 found 13 percent of Americans believed Mr. Oswald acted alone.

Skeptics often say it would have been impossible for Mr. Oswald to fire fast enough to hit both Mr. Kennedy and Mr. Connally, or for the same “magic bullet” to strike both men. (Mr. Connally said he thinks he was struck by a separate bullet.)

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The proposed explanation would be a second shooter on what has become known as the “grassy knoll,” an area ahead and to the right of the motorcade.

Umbrella Man

It was a beautiful day in Dallas, not a cloud in the sky. So why was one man holding up an umbrella?

The man, who can be seen in the Zapruder film and in other images, became the object of fascination. Could he have been signaling messages to gunmen? Was his umbrella rigged with some kind of weapon?

Josiah Thompson, a researcher, gave the mysterious figure a name that would stick: Umbrella Man.

“The only person under any umbrella in all of Dallas, standing right at the location where all the shots come into the limousine,” he said in a 2011 Op-Doc by Errol Morris. “Can anyone come up with a non-sinister explanation for this? Hmm? Hmm?”

As it turns out, Umbrella Man could. Louie Steven Witt came forward and testified in Washington in 1978, explaining that his umbrella was meant to protest the Nazi-appeasement policies of Joseph P. Kennedy, the president’s father. The elder Kennedy supported the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, who often carried an umbrella as an accessory, and he hoped the president would get the message.

Mexico City

Mr. Oswald visited Mexico City for six days shortly before the assassination. He said he was there to obtain visas from the Cuban and Soviet Union embassies.

But some people suspect Mr. Oswald worked with other people there to plan the attack, and his exact actions during his time there remains mysterious. Experts think the documents released on Thursday could focus on meetings he had there.